The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located at the back of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spinal column. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions. The stomach is a muscular, elastic, pear-shaped bag, lying crosswise in the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. Its main purpose is digestion of food through production of gastric juices which break down, mix and churn the food into a thin liquid.
The intestines are located between the stomach and the anus and are divided into two major sections: the small intestine and the large intestine. The function of the small intestine is to absorb most ingested food. The large intestine is responsible for absorption of water and excretion of solid waste material.
Explore the relationships between ideas about internal body organs in the Concept Development Maps Cell Functions. It is useful to explore what internal organs look like and where they are located in order to understand the specific function of each and how each contributes to keeping the body alive and well. Teaching experiences should begin to encourage students to consider how organs work together, i.
This idea leads to the more complex idea that body parts form connected systems that contribute to the functioning of the body as a whole. Encourage students to work in small groups to create a common drawing of what they know about the inside of the human body. Consider providing each group with an outline of a human body or have students trace around a group member lying on a large sheet of paper. Ensure students consider the location, size and shape of body parts in their drawings.
Have students include labels naming each internal part and consider getting the groups to research information about each organ. Provide each student group with at least three strips of paper. Display the questions and add further questions to the list as they arise from these discussions and observations. As a class, complete a bundling activity sorting the questions. Anatomical entity recognition with a hierarchical framework augmented by external resources. PloS ONE.
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Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics: Mendes AC, Coheur L. An approach to answer selection in question-answering based on semantic relations. Word clustering and disambiguation based on co-occurrence data. Nat Lang Eng. Download references. Microsoft Research, Danling Street No. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Wang, Y. Mapping anatomical related entities to human body parts based on wikipedia in discharge summaries. BMC Bioinformatics 20, Download citation. Received : 01 March Accepted : 23 July Published : 17 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Background A medical narrative which consists of dictated free-text documents such as discharge summaries is integral to clinical patient records. Related work Anatomy is one of the foundations of modern medicine and greatly contributes to medical research as well as clinical diagnoses. Anatomical ontology In clinical practices, medical tests and diagnoses are usually related to the locations of body parts with suffering, an anatomical network based on body positions is more effective and helpful.
Named entity normalization Named entity normalization builds a mapping relationship between named entities in text and ontology. Wikipedia as an external knowledge base When building an effective normalization system, employing a large external knowledge base has a positive impact on the performance of the whole system. Methods Materials The creation of tree of human body parts Facing the difficulty of directly exploiting existing ontologies, we decided to organize a compendious but specialized ontology that is consistent with the structure of established ontologies and compatible with the arrangement of hospital departments.
Full size image. Table 1 Inter-annotator agreement between A1 and A2 Full size table. Table 2 Inter-annotator agreement between each annotator and the gold standard Full size table. Table 3 Inter-annotator agreement between A1 and A2 Full size table. Results Experiment data 50 discharge summaries from the i2b2 Challenge [ 51 ] are used in our experiments, from which anatomical named entities are extracted [ 5 ].
Table 4 Results of combinations of different methods with baseline Full size table. Error analysis Though significant progress is achieved by our mapping system, performance can be further improved. Future work Considering that the abbreviation is a major source of influence to test errors, a more sophisticated abbreviation normalization system is expected to bring significant improvement. Conclusion The THBP ontology can be used to successfully map and bridge different semantic classes of anatomical named entities and anatomical locations.
Google Scholar 2 Fox SI. Google Scholar 24 Lipscomb CE. Google Scholar 27 Aronson A. Google Scholar 53 Porter MF. Article Google Scholar 54 Yu H. Article Google Scholar 55 Chang J. Google Scholar 61 Li H. Article Google Scholar Download references. Acknowledgements We thank the i2b2 challenge for providing data. View author publications. Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable.
Organs are collections of tissues that work together for a common goal, explained Lisa M. But not every organ is necessary for survival. Only five organs — the brain , heart, liver , at least one kidney, and at least one lung are absolutely essential for living. Losing total function of any one of these vital organs spells death. Remarkably, the human body can survive without a lot of other organs, or by replacing a non-functioning organ with a medical device.
Related: Why do we have an appendix? As for counting organs in the human body, it depends on whom you ask and how you count, Lee said. Although no one knows where the number originates, the general count is 78 organs, she said. This list includes the vital organs: the tongue, stomach , thyroid, urethra , pancreas , plus many other single or pairs of organs.
Bones and teeth are each counted only once. Among anatomists, viewpoints differ on what counts as an organ. A histologist like Lee, who studies tissue at the microscopic level, may have a longer list of organs than a gross anatomist, who studies what's visible to the unaided eye.
For example, scientists made headlines in for labeling the mesentery , which attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall, as an organ. Even though the scientists provided new evidence to call it an organ, it was not controversial, as many histologists and anatomists agreed, Lee explained.
But there's no group charged with keeping an official count of the organs or deciding what qualifies as an organ. Thinking microscopically, when multiple types of tissues join together and function together, the unit is an organ, she said.
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